Systems and Operations Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Frameworks and Operations Management - Assignment Example Subsequent to choosing to go into retirement, Lachlan Atokowa gave over control of the business to his oldest child Jonathan Atokowa, who, similar to his dad, was energetic about the business. Them two shared the energy to evaluate the most recent innovation: Lachlan Atokowa chose to test Xerox 914, Jonathan Atokowa chose to included Commodore 64 and the IBM PC 5100 into the business’s item portfolio. Today, a business that began in a carport has swelled into complex system business forms. Such a large number of gatherings are currently connected with the business, bring along various arrangement of factors into the business condition. Hierarchical Structure: The organization has four unique divisions which are administering the activities of the business. These four offices are: Retail Operations, Purchasing and Supply chain, Marketing and Human Resource Management and last yet not the least the Finance Departments. Every one of these divisions is going by an organization chi ef who reports legitimately to the CEO. Under every chief are his faculty which are answerable for the working of the office. The accompanying table portrays the titles which go under each capacity: Retail Operations Purchasing and Supply chain Marketing and Human Resource Management Finance Director Area Manager Category Manager HRM Manager Company Accountant - Import Manager Training Manager Management Accountant - Warehouse Manager Marketing effort organizer Financial Planning Manager - General Manager In-store advancement facilitator. Buying and Payment Manager All the organization executives are energetic about the development of the organization. They work alongside their individual groups constantly to determine issues that are emerging in their areas of expertise. Notwithstanding, the organisation’s chiefs have been not able to build up a boding power between the offices. The greatest proof of this reality is that every division is having its own administration framew orks, which are not connected with different frameworks. It this time of globalization, the significance which is set on data sharing by specialists is huge. As indicated by the specialists, this single part of working together is imperative to such an extent that it can choose the destiny of today’s firms. In a relentless globalized world, data imparting to key partners is crucial for hierarchical achievement and endurance (Krajewski, Ritzman, and Malhorta, 2007). What's more, for this situation the hierarchical divisions are neglecting to impart crucial operational data to each other. This, clearly, is prompting duplication of exertion, more prominent cost, declining efficiency, repetition and disappointment in the association (Schemenner, 1984). Representatives need to do awkward desk work each day, precise anticipating has gotten inconceivable, stock holding cost is being brought about, wrong stock is being kept up or more all, clients are feeling down and out. Instead of embracing a hierarchical model which permits the organization to get deft and adaptable, with the goal that it can contend viably in the commercial center, the organization has taken a structure which has made it firm and not exactly serious (Loader, 2006). Nonappearance of an incorporated association wide endeavor the executives framework is making destruction for the organization. The organization isn't doing precise estimating of interest, it has neglected to fulfill customers’ needs and above all, it isn't working proficiently and viably.

Terrorism and Freedom - All We Need is Love :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

All We Need is Love   â â â over the span of one's presence, one is continually endeavoring to accomplish the zenith of their capacities, a specific greatness inside themselves, and a balance among themselves and their general public.   â â â â Unfortunately, as we close to the finish of the millenium, society is coming up short to give us the fitting methods so as to understand that objective. So as we get ready for the following century, we should perceive that there are numerous issues that we should ease before this world can improve as a spot.   â â â â It likely could be that the country can't endure - as a tolerable spot to live, as a world-class power or even as a majority rule government - with such high paces of youngsters developing into adulthood ill-equipped to parent, ill-equipped to be gainfully utilized and ill-equipped to partake in the standard yearnings.   â â â â Various projects are jumping up to support kids. In any case, similar to the government assistance program, generally these projects are planned for lightening manifestations instead of rectifying the reason for the issues. More penitentiaries, more police officers, weapon control, the FBI, and V-chips to square rough projects on TV will never stop wrongdoing and savagery. At the point when we dedicate time, cash and exertion toward issues and indications - without rectifying the reason - the issues and manifestations develop and spread like crawling crab grass.   â â â â But as an individual, what would one be able to do? The appropriate response is straightforward. Each of the one has to do is love. Love is the answer for the entirety of the social issues in our general public. Satisfactory love will wipe out wickedness, wrongdoing, viciousness, mental misery, the enduring of guiltless youngsters, broken families, the separation of families, fretfulness, discontent, despondency - all that is appalling, woeful, and dangerous.   â â â â â â But before one can cherish others, one must figure out how to adore himself. One can't adore himself until he liberates himself from dread and deceptions. One is not free until he finds that is truth that liberates us from those feelings of dread and deceptions.   â â â â And it is that reality that has the ability to render our families adoring, cheerful, amicable, utilitarian and stable. Truth has the ability to crush all social issues ... wrongdoing, brutality, spousal maltreatment, youngster misuse, tranquilize misuse, and so on. Fear mongering and Freedom - All We Need is Love :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers All We Need is Love   â â â over the span of one's presence, one is continually endeavoring to accomplish the zenith of their capacities, a specific greatness inside themselves, and a balance among themselves and their general public.   â â â â Unfortunately, as we close to the finish of the millenium, society is falling flat to furnish us with the proper methods so as to understand that objective. So as we get ready for the following century, we should perceive that there are numerous issues that we should reduce before this world can improve as a spot.   â â â â It likely could be that the country can't endure - as a tolerable spot to live, as a world-class power or even as a majority rule government - with such high paces of youngsters developing into adulthood ill-equipped to parent, ill-equipped to be gainfully utilized and ill-equipped to partake in the standard goals.   â â â â Various projects are jumping up to support kids. Notwithstanding, similar to the government assistance program, generally these projects are planned for easing manifestations as opposed to revising the reason for the issues. More jails, more police officers, weapon control, the FBI, and V-chips to square savage projects on TV will never stop wrongdoing and brutality. At the point when we commit time, cash and exertion toward issues and side effects - without adjusting the reason - the issues and manifestations develop and spread like crawling crab grass.   â â â â But as an individual, what would one be able to do? The appropriate response is straightforward. Every one of the one has to do is love. Love is the answer for the entirety of the social issues in our general public. Satisfactory love will take out shrewdness, wrongdoing, viciousness, mental affliction, the enduring of blameless kids, useless families, the separation of families, anxiety, discontent, misery - all that is revolting, regrettable, and ruinous.   â â â â â â But before one can adore others, one must figure out how to cherish himself. One can't cherish himself until he liberates himself from dread and deceptions. One is not free until he finds that is truth that liberates us from those feelings of trepidation and deceptions.   â â â â And it is that reality that has the ability to render our families cherishing, upbeat, agreeable, practical and stable. Truth has the ability to destroy all social issues ... wrongdoing, savagery, spousal maltreatment, kid misuse, sedate maltreatment, and so forth.

Inflation and its impact on indian economy free essay sample

In financial aspects, expansion is a relentless increment in the general value level of merchandise and ventures in an economy over some stretch of time. At the point when the general value level ascents, every unit of cash purchases less merchandise and enterprises. Thusly, swelling mirrors a decrease in the buying influence per unit of cash †lost genuine incentive in the mode of trade and unit of record inside the economy. A central proportion of value expansion is the swelling rate, the annualized rate change in a general value list (typically the buyer value list) after some time. Expansions consequences for an economy are different and can be at the same time positive and negative. Negative impacts of swelling remember an expansion for the open door cost of holding cash, vulnerability over future swelling which may demoralize venture and reserve funds, and if expansion is sufficiently quick, deficiencies of merchandise as buyers start accumulating out of worry that costs will increment later on. We will compose a custom exposition test on Expansion and its effect on indian economy or then again any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Constructive outcomes incorporate guaranteeing that national banks can modify genuine loan fees (to relieve downturns), and empowering interest in non-fiscal capital tasks. Financial specialists by and large accept that high paces of swelling and hyperinflation are brought about by an over the top development of the cash flexibly. In any case, cash gracefully development doesn't really cause swelling. A few financial specialists keep up that under the states of a liquidity trap, huge money related infusions resemble pushing on a string. Perspectives on which components decide low to direct paces of swelling are progressively differed. Low or moderate expansion might be ascribed to vacillations in genuine interest for products and ventures, or changes in accessible supplies, for example, during shortcomings, just as to changes in the speed of cash gracefully quantifies; specifically the MZM (Money Zero Maturity) flexibly speed. In any case, the accord see is that a since quite a while ago supported time of expansion is brought about by cash gracefully becoming quicker than the pace of financial development. Today, most financial experts favor a low and consistent pace of expansion. Low (instead of zero or negative) swelling decreases the seriousness of financial downturns by empowering the work market to change all the more rapidly in a downturn, and lessens the hazard that a liquidity trap keeps money related strategy from balancing out the economy. The undertaking of keeping the pace of expansion low and stable is generally given to money related specialists. By and large, these money related specialists are the national banks that control financial approach through the setting of loan costs, through open market tasks, and through the setting of banking save prerequisites. Meaning of Inflation The rate at which the general degree of costs for merchandise and ventures is rising, and, thusly, buying power is falling. National banks endeavor to stop extreme swelling, alongside serious collapse, trying to downplay the over the top development of costs. As swelling rises, each dollar will purchase a littler level of a decent. For instance, on the off chance that the swelling rate is 2%, at that point a $1 pack of gum will cost $1. 02 of every a year. In straightforward terms, the word Inflation alludes to a development or increment in cash flexibly. As one of the significant financial ideas, the impacts of expansion apply sway both in the monetary and social circles of a country and on its occupants. Most nations national banks will attempt to support an expansion pace of 2-3%. Impacts of Inflation: General Inflation influences both the economy of a nation and its social conditions, just as the political and good existences of its occupants. Nonetheless, the monetary impacts of Inflation are expressed and depicted underneath: †¢Price expansion has gigantic impact on the Time Value of Money (TVM). This goes about as an important segment of the paces of intrigue, which frames the premise of all TVM estimations. The genuine or evaluated changes happening in the paces of swelling lead to changes in the paces of enthusiasm also. †¢Inflation applies sway on the treasury of a country too. In United States of America, Treasury Inflation-secured Securities (TIPS) guarantees wellbeing to the American government, guaranteeing the open that they will get back their cash. Be that as it may, the paces of premium charged by TIPS are less contrasted with the standard Treasury notes. †¢The most prompt impact of swelling is the abatement in the buying intensity of dollar and its devaluation. Swelling impacts the ventures of a nation. The Inflation-ensured Securities (IPSs) may go about as a protection from against the misfortune in the buying influence of the fixed-salary speculations (like fixed recompenses and bonds), which may happen during swelling. †¢Inflation changes the portion of pay. This applies most extreme impact on the moneylenders than the borrowers at the hour of persevering swelling, in light of the fact that the advances authorized beforehand are taken care of later as expanded dollars. †¢Inflation prompts a bunch of the shoppers in making broad theory, to determine bit of leeway of the significant expense levels. Since a portion of the buys are high-hazard ventures, they bring about redirection of the uses from normal channels, bringing forth a couple of auxiliary unemployment’s. Swelling in India The expansion rate in India was recorded at 6. 16 percent in December of 2013. Swelling Rate in India is accounted for by the Ministry of Commerce and Industry, India. Expansion Rate in India found the middle value of 7. 71 Percent from 1969 until 2013, arriving at an untouched high of 34. 68 Percent in September of 1974 and a record low of - 11. 31 Percent in May of 1976. In India, the discount value file (WPI) is the principle proportion of expansion. The WPI estimates the cost of an agent crate of discount products. In India, discount value record is partitioned into three gatherings: Primary Articles (20. 1 percent of absolute weight), Fuel and Power (14. 9 percent) and Manufactured Products (65 percent). Food Articles from the Primary Articles Group represent 14. 3 percent of the complete weight. The most significant segments of the Manufactured Products Group are Chemicals and Chemical items (12 percent of the all out weight); Basic Metals, Alloys and Metal Products (10. 8 percent); Machinery and Machine Tools (8. 9 percent); Textiles (7. 3 percent) and Transport, Equipment and Parts (5. 2 percent). Many creating nations use changes in the Consumer Price Index (CPI) as their focal proportion of swelling. In any case, this technique is unacceptable for use in India, for basic and segment reasons. CPI numbers are commonly estimated month to month, and with a noteworthy slack, making them unsatisfactory for arrangement use. Rather, India utilizes changes in the Wholesale Price Index (WPI) to quantify its pace of expansion. Temporary yearly expansion rate dependent on all India general CPI (Combined) for November 2013 on point to point premise (November 2013 over November 2012) is 11. 24% when contrasted with 10. 17% (last) for the earlier month of October 2013. The relating temporary expansion rates for provincial and urban regions for November 2013 are 11. 74% and 10. 53% separately. Swelling rates (last) for provincial and urban territories for October 2013 are 10. 19% and 10. 20% separately. The WPI estimates the cost of an agent container of discount merchandise. In India, this crate is made out of three gatherings: Primary Articles (20. 1% of absolute weight), Fuel and Power (14. 9%) and Manufactured Products (65%). Food Articles from the Primary Articles Group represent 14. 3% of the all out weight. The most significant segments of the Manufactured Products Group are Chemicals and Chemical items (12%); Basic Metals, Alloys and Metal Products (10. 8%); Machinery and Machine Tools (8. 9%); Textiles (7. 3%) and Transport, Equipment and Parts (5. 2%). WPI numbers are regularly estimated week by week by the Ministry of Commerce and Industry. This makes it more convenient than the slacking and rare CPI measurement. Issues The difficulties in creating economy are many, particularly when in setting of the Monetary Policy with the Central Bank, the expansion and value dependability marvel. There has been a widespread contention nowadays when fiscal approach is resolved to be a key component in delineating and controlling swelling. The Central Bank takes a shot at the goal to control and have a steady cost for wares. A decent domain of value dependability happens to make sparing activation and a continued financial development. The previous Governor of RBI C. Rangarajan calls attention to that there is a drawn out exchange off among yield and swelling. He includes that momentary exchange off happens to just present vulnerability about the value level in future. There is an understanding that the national banks have meant to present the objective of value security while a contention underpins it for what that implies by and by. The Optimal Inflation Rate It emerges as the premise topic in choosing a sufficient financial approach. There are two begging to be proven wrong extents for a successful swelling, regardless of whether it ought to be in the scope of 1-3 percent as the expansion rate that perseveres in the industrialized economy or should it be in the scope of 6-7 percents. While settling on the intricate swelling rate certain issues happen with respect to its estimation. The estimation inclination has frequently determined an expansion rate that is similarly more than in nature. Also, there frequently emerges an issue when the quality enhancements in the item are deprived to be caught out, subsequently it influences the value record. The customer inclination for a less expensive merchandise influences the utilization container at costs, for the expanded consumption on the less expensive products sets aside effort for the expanded weight and estimating swelling. The Boskin Commission has estimated 1. 1 percent of the expanded swelling in USA ev

The Notion of the Foreign Invader and Other Gothic Elements in Emily Brontë’s Wuthering Heights - Literature Essay Samples

The popularity of gothic fiction varied in Victorian England. During the Romantic period Horace Walpole published The Castle of Otranto (1764), which is often considered the first gothic horror story. Many more stories followed but the popularity of the genre initially decreased in the Victorian era because the historical Romance novel became popular. In the 1880’s and 1890’s however, gothic fiction experienced a sudden surge of popularity due to the work of Edgar Allen Poe. Many stories that are today considered to be highly influential words of literature were written during that period. Among the books that became very popular again was Emily Brontà «Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s Wuthering Heights. Although Wuthering Heights is not just a gothic novel it certainly incorporates many gothic elements such as the supernatural, monstrosity, the notion of the foreign invader and the ancestral curse. In gothic fiction there is usually a passion-driven, wilful villain. In Wuthering Heights t his role is fulfilled by Heathcliff. Lockwood sees Heathcliff overcome by emotion when he thinks Catherine has come back to him: â€Å"He got on to the bed, and wrenched open the lattice, bursting, as he pulled at it, into an uncontrollable passion of tears. ‘Come in! come in!’ he sobbed. ‘Cathy, do come. Oh, do ONCE more! Oh! my heart’s darling! hear me THIS time, Catherine, at last!’ (Brontà « 44). Furthermore, Heathcliff represents a kind of monstrous animalistic state that was attributed to criminals in Victorian society. The Victorians were firm believers in the idea of progress. The idea that science was the key to figuring out mysteries was widespread, especially Darwin’s theory of evolution, according to which: man is progressing, evolving and adapting, was immensely popular. But there was also a counter discourse that there might be degeneration, that certain sectors of society might represent a regression instead of progression. According to Cesare Lombroso, an Italian criminologist from the nineteenth century, criminals represent this return to a state that is more like an animal’s’ than it is like modern civilized human beings. Heathcliff is often described as an animal or a beast: â€Å"I felt that God had forsaken the stray sheep there to its own wicked wanderings, and an evil beast prowled between it and the fold, waiting his time to spring and destroy† (171). When Isabella writes to Mrs. Dean after she has eloped with Heathcliff to express her concern about her new husband she writes â€Å"Is Mr. Heathcliff a man? If so, is he mad? And if not, is he a devil? I sha’n’t tell my reasons for making this inquiry; but I beseech you to explain, if you can, what I have married† (218). When Mrs. Dean comes to visit her Isabella warns her about believing Heathcliff: â€Å"Don’t put faith in a single word he speaks. He’s a lying fiend! a monster, and not a human being!† (243). In the same letter Isabella also compares Heathcliff to animals that terrify her: â€Å"I assure you, a tiger or a venomous serpent could not rouse terror in me equal to that which he wakens† (232). Heathcliff is monstrous and cruel to just about everyone: â€Å"God forbid that he [Edgar] should try!’ answered the black villain. (†¦) Every day I grow madder after sending him to heaven!† (178). He also enjoys being cruel to Isabella, abusing her both mentally (The more the worms writhe, the more I yearn to crush the entrails) (244) and physically (â€Å"he snatched a dinner-knife from the table and flung it at my head) (291). Lombroso also argues that criminals have â€Å"the irresistible craving for evil for its own sake† and that criminals have â€Å"the desire not only to extinguish life in the victim, but to mutilate the corpse, tear its flesh, and drink its blood† (Lombroso 184). Although Heathcliff does not g o that far, he does beat Hindley half to death, as Isabella writes to Mrs. Dean: â€Å"The ruffian kicked and trampled on him, and dashed his head repeatedly against the flags, holding me with one hand, meantime, to prevent me summoning Joseph† (Brontà « 284). Heathcliff’s cruelty and relentlessness makes him classifiable as a monster, and a foreign one at that. Also typical for gothic fiction is the notion of the foreign invader. Heathcliff is a symbol of a foreign invader because he is foreign in a number of ways. Mrs. Dean makes it very clear how people at Thrushcross Grange and Wuthering Heights feel about outsiders: â€Å"We don’t in general take to foreigners here, Mr. Lockwood, unless they take to us first† (70). Mrs. Dean is undoubtedly talking directly to Mr. Lockwood because he is also new to the area, but there is a strong indication that she is also talking about Heathcliff. As a young boy, Heathcliff was found in Liverpool, a bustling hub of trade in the nineteenth century, and brought home by Mr. Earnshaw. Mrs. Dean remembers the first time she met the child: â€Å"I had a peep at a dirty, ragged, black-haired child; big enough both to walk and talk: indeed, its face looked older than Catherine’s; yet when it was set on its feet, it only stared round, and repeated over and over again some gibberish that nobody could understand† (57). Apparently Heathcliff cannot speak English at first, which immediately alienates him from the rest of the family. One critic postulates that â€Å"Discussions of ‘otherness’ often begin with appearance, the physical markers that signal a character’s social difference† (Kozinsky 13). Mrs. Dean does not mention his skin colour in this excerpt but there are many instances in the book where Heathcliff is described as ‘black’ or ‘darkskinned’, which makes him all the more different. In fact, the word â€Å"black† is used to refer to Heathcliff twenty-one times; â€Å"devil† is used to describe him eleven times (Matsuoka). Although Mrs. Dean speaks of him as a child, she goes on to refer to him as ‘it’. He is so utterly unlike anyone or anything they have ever experienced that Mrs. Dean feels the need to completely distance herself from Heathcliff by classifying him as ‘other’. Later, Heathcliff has progressed from an ‘it’ to a name, as Mrs. Dean explains: â€Å"I found they had christened him ‘Heathcliff’ (†¦) and it has served him ever since, both for Christian and surname† (Brontà « 58). He is given only one name, almost like a dog (to which he is frequently compared throughout the novel), and he is branded as an outsider forever. Linked to this notion of the foreign invader is the idea of the ancestral curse, which means that people will be punished for the sins of their ancestors. This is also evident in Wuthering Heights. Elizabeth Kozinsky agrees: â€Å"The cyclical nature of usurpation illustrated in [Wuthering Heights] suggests that the next generation will prove just as corruptible as the former† (Kozinsky 72). Lineage is extremely important in Wuthering Heights, as it was in Victorian times in general, and someone like Heathcliff with questionable heritage could pose a real threat to a family. Heathcliff ‘invades’ both the Earnshaw en the Linton families so that he can strip them of their birth right and claim power for himself thus taking revenge on those who wronged him in the past. Heathcliff marries Isabella not because he loves her, but because she can give him a son to fulfill his master plan of taking Thrushcross Grange for himself. Clearly, Wuthering Heights incorporates many features that are typical of gothic fiction. Monstrosity as a theme is present in the character of Heathcliff since he is extremely cruel and violent. He is also compared to an out-of-control a nimal, beast and devil. The notion of the foreign invader and the idea of the supernatural are evident. Heathcliff manipulates the Earnshaw and Linton lineages so that he will acquire both Wuthering Heights and Thrushcross Grange. This idea of the foreign invader can be linked to the Victorian idea that criminals represent a monstrous animalistic state that is a regression from civilized modern humankind. Works citedBrontà «, Emily. Wuthering Heights. USA: Oxford University Press, 2009. Print. Kozinsky, Elizabeth. Kings of their Castles: Reading Heathcliff as a Caliban who Succeeds. MA thesis. University of Georgia, Athens, 2001. Georgia University Library Online. Web. 16 October 2012.Lombroso, Cesare. L’uomo delinquente. Durham: Duke University Press, 2006. Print. Matsuoka, Mitsuharu. The Victorian Literary Studies Archive Hyper-concordance. Nagoya University. Web. 16 October 2012.

The Main Differences Between ‘Classical Realism’ And ‘Neo-Realism’ - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2388 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Politics Essay Type Compare and contrast essay Level High school Did you like this example? What are the main differences between ‘classical realism’ and ‘neo-realism’? Introduction Realism has become a foremost theory within international relations over six decades. Its contemporary construction is attributed to Hans Morgenthau and his work in the late 1940s. Morgenthau utilised previous works from scholars and strategists, which include, Ancient Greek scholar Thucydides, Machiavelli, Hobbes and his notions of the anarchic state, and the 1939 work of E.H Carr. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Main Differences Between ‘Classical Realism’ And ‘Neo-Realism’" essay for you Create order Realism became the primary theory as the discipline of International Relations blossomed, forming political hypothesis based on its philosophies, such as Real Politik. As International Relations expanded as a discipline with Realism at its centre the theory become reformed. Kenneth Waltz succeeded in becoming the father of Neo-Realism in the same way Morgenthau had done with Realism thirty years prior. This resulted in a schism in the Realist theory between classic Realism and structural (neo) Realism. The purpose of this essay is to investigate this split and to distinguish the major differences of the two Realist strands. These theories are vast volumes of work that have been considered by the brightest minds of discipline for several decades, the salient features of the two theories discussed in this text will offer just a glimpse into their philosophies. Investigation to compare the differences of the two shall be split into two parts, firstly examining the theoretical b ase and highlighting the noticeable distinctions. The second part will conceptualise these points in a practical sense, attaching them to historical events predominantly from the twentieth century. Theoretical Morgenthau’s key principles of Realism consider states as individuals, a unified actor. One state represents itself, and these states are primary in international relations. Internal politics and contradictions are irrelevant as states pursue interests defined by power. Power, is a further key proponent of Morgenthaus paradigm, he believed it central to human nature and therefore state actors. Morgenthau considered human nature as corrupt, dictated by selfishness and ego, resulting in a dangerous world constructed by egotistical greedy actors. Thus Realism possesses at its core a very pessimistic outlook of constant threat and danger, logically therefore Realism submits as one of its fundamental considerations that state actors are driven by survival and the need for greater dominance and power to create a favourable balance of power and decreasing the actors potential to diminish. (Gellman, 1988). Realists consider these attitudes to consume national interest, trumpin g any other concern. Self-help becomes a necessity. Reliance or trust of other actors is foolish as Machiavelli describes â€Å"today’s friend is tomorrow’s enemy† (Morgenthau, 1948). Realisms success and prominence in international relations naturally exposed it to a series of critiques. Authors and scholars disagreed with its ideological theory and often advocated alternative theories. These included a Liberalist outlook that promotes the importance of democracy and free trade, while Marxists believe international affairs could be understood as a class struggle between capital and labour. Other theories derided the lack of morality, collectivism and simplicity in Realism. Despite it retaining several of the basic features of classical Realism, including the notions that states are primary unitary actors and power is dominant. Neo-Realism provided criticism of the classic paradigm. Structural Realism directed attention to the structural characteristic s of an international system of states rather than to its components (Evans and Newham, 1998). Kenneth Waltz detaches from Morgenthau’s classic Realism suggesting it to be too ‘reductionist’. He argues that international politics can be thought of as a system with a precisely defined structure, Realism in his view, is unable to conceptualise the international system in this way due to its varying limitation, essentially due to its behavioural methodology. (Waltz, 1979) Neo-Realism considers the traditional strand as being incapable of explaining behaviour at a level above a nation state. Waltz is described as offering defensive version of Realism, while John Mearsheimer promotes an offensive consideration of Realism, suggesting Waltz’s analysis fails to chart the aggression that exists in international relations, however they are often considered as one through neo or structural Realism. (Mearsheimer, 2013) The idea, that international politics ca n be understood as a system, with an exact construct and separate structure, is both the starting point for international theory and point of departure from the traditional Realism. The fundamental concern for Neo-Realists is why do states exhibit similar foreign policy behaviour regardless of their opposing political systems and contrasting ideologies. The Cold War brought two opposing superpowers that although were socially and politically opposite behaved in a similar manner and werent separate in their pursuit of military power and influence. Realism in Waltz’s view was severely limited, as where other classic disciplines of international relations. Neo-Realism is designed as re-examination, a second tier explanation that fills in the gaps classic theories neglected. For example, traditional Realists remain adamant that actors are individuals in international affairs, referencing the Hobbesian notion that two entities are unable to enjoy the same thing equally and a re consequently destined to become enemies. Whilst, Neo-Realists consider that relative and absolute gains are important and they may be attained by collusion through international institutions. (Waltz, 1979) Practical The salient theoretical differences exhibited in the first section will be strengthened in this second section by applying the theory to practical situations in order to enhance the understanding and the degree of separation. As one has discussed, traditional Realists consider that the foundation of international affairs is war, perpetrated by states. A Realist doctrine is exhibited by the actions and musings of Richard Nixon and Henry Kissinger, during their time together during Nixons presidency and with Kissingers influence on Nixon’s successor, Gerald Ford. While in the theatre of the Cold War, they attempted to maximise American power in order to safeguard American security against fellow actors. Incursions in Vietnam and Korea were designed at a basic level to keep their ideology as the primary superpower and increase American dominance. Nixon’s presidency was associated also with his administrations dialogue with China, and their keenness to exploit the S ino-Soviet split in order to tip the balance of power in America’s favour, all illustrating a class Realist mentality of international relations, that it is constructed entirely between state interactions and a grasp for power. (Nye, 2007) Another example that depicts this mentality is Thucydides work concerning The Peloponnesian War, an often-utilised example used by traditional Realists; Thucydides in his works expresses an unrelenting Athenian desire to pursue self-interest, and achieved this through the use of force and hard power. He famously wrote, â€Å"The strong do what they have the power to do and the weak accept what they have to accept† (Thucydides, 1972, p402). Thucydides sentiments illustrate the Realist notion of human nature being motivated primarily by power, and it is similar to subsequent wars throughout human history. Colin Gray a modern scholar concurs with the Realist outlook suggesting an inherent human characteristic that still drives states in the same way it did in 400 B.C (Gray,2009). Neo-Realists tend to distance themselves from this notion of a corruptible human nature. They blame the starting of the Second World War, not on innate human corruptibility, but on the failure to achieve a recognised international system. They disagree with Realist logic that the primary reason for the Second World War was Hitler’s lust to institute his power and influence across Europe. In their estimations the disorder provided by the Treaty of Versailles was principal in throwing the world back into war. Its adoption on the behest of French, British and American states provided the opportunity and the catalyst for the Nazi Party to flourish. Resentment in Germany of the allied powers, coupled with a weak nation unable to recover because of this ‘dictate’ rendered the German economy and military perpetually weak, all contributing to Hitler’s ability to snatch power and consequently produce t he elements to start a world war. The world was failed in Neo-Realist estimations by a lack of substantial system (Jervis, 1994). The response classic Realists provide to Neo-Realists is that their re-worked form of the theory is simply presented in a way that is more structural and scientific but with the core maintaining the original doctrines offered by traditional Realism. Although Neo-Realists do not deny that their ideology is extremely similarIt is an improvement on the original theory offering a more structured and formulated paradigm., but Realists argue those alterations, which include these structural formations is what inhibits the new theory. Richard Ashley is one author that concurs with these sentiments stating traditional Realism, provides an advanced concept of analysis (Ashley, 1984). For example, even if the Treaty of Versailles did create bleak conditions on Germany that incited the Nazi’s upsurge, the fundamental lust for power Hitler exhibited in the extreme was still predominant for starting World War Two regardless of structural factors. This analysis echoes Colin Gray’s opinions regarding the characteristics exhibited from the Peloponnesian War still being relevant in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, and illustrates Realism relevance. A further crucial difference between the two strands is the role of political belief or governance. Classic Realism has always established this consideration. Hitler, Mussolini, Franco, Hirohito all had what was classed as un-democratic governances. Stalin, with a similar totalitarian system had initially signed a pact with Hitler, it was only the latter’s covetousness for supremacy that scuppered that particular alliance, illustrating the pessimistic nature of traditional Realism, not being able to trust other actors. Conversely, Neo-Realists, led by Waltz concluded that there is no â€Å"differentiation of function between different units, i.e. all states perform roughly the same role† (Halliday, 1994). Neo-Realism came at a time where the system had altered from what classic Realism was founded upon, a pre-war world of several great powers. The Cold War heralded a bi-polar system, dominant on nuclear weapons rendering the differing ideologies and political regimes irrelevant, it was the system that prevailed. Furthermore, America propped up highly undemocratic regimes throughout the Cold War in Asia, South America and the Middle East. Suggesting classic Realist arguments of governance systems is incomplete (Merhasimer, 2013). Traditional Realism witnessed a degree of a resurgence post-9/11, the event itself and the subsequent fallout was deemed textbook of classic Realism. Actors had to employ self-help and act unilaterally to stop attacks and an assault on the states survival. 9/11 produced a real illustration to the strength non-state actors can have on the international relations. Although Neo-Realism maintains the classic theory consideration of state primacy, it does reference non-state actors as relevant in the international system. Additional actors however must adapt to the actions of states Waltz suggests, â€Å"When the crunch comes, states remake the rules by which other actors operate.† (Waltz, 1979, p94) Furthermore, America’s democratic crusade dubbed ‘the war on terror’ was viewed as traditional Realism in action, inferring Morgenthau’s consideration of autocracy vs. democracy. However, Neo Realists will reference American support for very non-democratic states, such as its unwavering support for Saudi Arabia as the system still triumphing over the state and its form of governance. The actions of the US tie in with Mearsheimers offensive Realist outlook to seek hegemony, great powers recognize that the best way to ensure their security is to achieve hegemony now, thus eliminating any possibility of a challenge by another great power. Only a misguided state would pass up an opportunity to be the hegemon in the system because it thought it already had sufficient power to survive. (Merhasimer, 2001) Conclusion In conclusion whilst both strands of Realism remain constant in key areas such as the anarchic state, unitary actors and the importance of Power. Neo-Realism presents a shift away from the traditional theories offering a tangible alternative to the corruptible human nature consideration being the root of the cause conflict, as exemplified aptly by the debate on the outbreak of World War Two. However, the crucial point of departure that Neo-Realism provides is the importance given to the international system over the state, claiming that traditional Realism is inhibited by its methodology, failing to explain behaviour of an entity above the nation state. Neo-Realism allows for co-operation among states at a higher level than Realism permits, this provides an opportunity to succeed in achieving absolute and relative gains. The concept flourished during the Cold War, rejecting Morgenthaus system of governance analysis, suggesting that states behave the same regardless whether it s democratic or not. Neo-Realists still maintain this is relevant. Classic Realists disagree using the events of this century to prove that its methodology was always correct. In Sum, the two differ fundamentally on approach, Neo-Realism seeks to offer a systematic and scientific approach that they believe is lacking in traditional Realism; according to its proponents it complements the original theory by correcting its fallacies, building on classic Realism emphasis on self-interest, power and the state, challenging the human nature concept and behaviour above state level. Bibliography Ashley, R K, 1984. ‘The Poverty of Neo-Realism’. International Organisation , 38/02, pp. 255-286. Donnelly, J 2000 Realism and International Relations. 1st ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Evans, G and Newham R, 1998. The Penguin Dictionary of International Relations. 1st ed. London: Penguin Fox, W, 1985. ‘E H Carr and Political Realism: Vision and Revision’, Review of International Studies 11/1 , pp.1-16. Gellman, P , 1988. ‘Hans J. Morgenthau and the Legacy of Political Realism’. Review of International Studies, 14/04, pp.247-266. Gray, C. S, 2009. ‘The 21st Century security environment and the future of war’. Parameters, XXXVIII (4). pp. 14-26. Halliday, F, 1994. Rethinking International Relations. 1st ed. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan Harrison, E. 2002, Waltz, Kant and Systemic Approaches to International Relations, Review of International Studies 28(1), 2002. Jervis, R, 1994. ‘Hans Morge nthau, Realism and the Study of International Politics’, Social Research 61(Winter)_, pp. 853-876 . Mearsheimer, J J, 2013. Structural Realism, in Rex Warner eds., M. Finlay Translates. International Relations Theories: Discipline and Diversity, 3rd Edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 77-93. Mearsheimer, J J, 2001. The Tragedy of Great Power Politics. 1st ed. New York: W.W. Norton Company Morgenthau , H J, 1948. Politics Among Nations. 1st ed. New York: Knopf. Nye, J, 2007. Understanding International Conflicts: An Introduction to Theory and History in political science. 6th ed. Pearson Longman: New York. Thucydides, 1972. History of the Peloponnesian War M.I Finley eds, Translated by Rex Warner Penguin: London. Waltz, K, 2001, Man, the State and War: A Theoretical Analysis. 2nd Revised edition. New York: Colombia University Pres. Waltz, K. 2000, ‘Structural Realism after the Cold War’, International Security, 25(1). Waltz, K, 1979. Theory of International Politics . 1st ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Financial Analysis for Boeing - 1336 Words

History Looking at the brief history of Boeing, the company was first founded in Puget Sound, Washington in 1916 by William Edward Boeing. After sucessfully selling military aircrafts adapted for troop transportation in the 1950’s and introducing commercial aircrafts model 707, 727 followed by 737, Boeing has since then become a leading producer of military commercial aircraft. After a few number of mergers acquisitions to become the world’s largest, most diversified aerospace company, Boeing enterprise now include: North American Aviation, McDonnell Douglas, Rockwell International, Hughes Space Communications, and Jeppesen. Financial Analysis 1. As you can see from the graphs, over the last three years, Boeing has achieved†¦show more content†¦Morever, these potential new entrants could be deterred from entering the industry as the development of aircrafts can take very long lead times. It can take about 15 – 20 years to develop a next-generation commercial aircraft and production may stretch out for decades, depending on the no. of units ordered. This may act as a barrier of entry for potential new entrants. Illustrating the third force which is Power of Suppliers, There are only 3 main competitors in the commercial jet engine-making industry which operates as an oligopoly. Historically, all of these companies have competed with each other for jet engine contracts which led to intense price wars. To avert ruinous price wars, these companies typically enter into exclusive supplier contracts with aircraft manufacturers. In such arrangements, the engine maker becomes the sole provider of jet engines for a specific aircraft model. In addition, the big jet engine makers give heavily discounted price, partly to lock in lucrative long term replacement parts, repairs and maintenace business, thereby reducing the power of these jet engine makers. 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Needle Stick & Sharp Injuries among Nurses-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Needle stick or sharp injuries are one of the most pressing infectious disease risk currently within the Environment. Answer: Needle stick or sharp injuries is a major concern in the health care setting as it primarily affects large number of health care workers and increases risk of serious infections such as HIV, hepatitis B and C. The injury is mainly caused when needles contaminated with fluids of another person accidentally punctures the skin of an individual while disposing or disassembling needles. The risk and severity of infection also varies on the basis of transmission of different bloodborne pathogen through the needle (Cho et al. 2013). In the health care industry, needle stick injury is regarded as a severe occupational hazard and clinical nurses are experiencing large proportion of the burden of needle stick injuries. Certain factors such as poor awareness about exposure to risk, overcrowding in hospital, failure to implement standard hygiene and precaution, reuse of contaminated needles and poor supply of safety equipments also contribute to high risk of occupational infection. As knowledge gap is one of the reasons for increase in needle stick injuries among doctors and nurses, it is necessary to implement evidence based guidelines in health care setting to minimize the risk of infection. This would help to prevent injuries. Compliance to certain safety measures like hand washing, wearing gloves, mask, face shield and gown during medical procedures can also curb the rate of infection. Employers also have the responsibility to evaluate the safety of medical devices (Akyol and Kargin 2016). Even if needle stick in juries take places despite plan for safe handling and disposal of needle, it is necessary to immediately report about all such injuries to ensure that follow care is provided at the right time. References Akyol, A.D. and Kargin, C., 2016. Needle Stick and Sharp Injuries among Nurses.Glob J Nurs Forensic Stud,1(109), p.2. Cho, E., Lee, H., Choi, M., Park, S.H., Yoo, I.Y. and Aiken, L.H., 2013. Factors associated with needlestick and sharp injuries among hospital nurses: a cross-sectional questionnaire survey.International journal of nursing studies,50(8), pp.1025-1032.